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Literature Review - Reading - 1659 Words

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 1. Introduction In this chapter various related literature and research pertaining to this research will be presented. It addresses the views and effect of using extensive reading method to improve comprehension and motivates reading. 2. Related Literature Up until now there is still no definite definition for ‘reading’ as Criscuolo (1973) says â€Å"There is no exact definition for reading’. Another view, Alderson and Urguhart (1984) in Fauziah Hassan HBET3203 (2004:3), â€Å"If the ability (to read) involves so many aspects of language, cognition, life and learning, then no one academic discipline can claim to have the correct view of what is crucial in reading: linguistics certainly not, probably†¦show more content†¦Most importantly they choose something that they like. Brown H.D. (2001:301) writes â€Å"†¦the extent to which learners will learn to read better in a laissez-faire atmosphere of enriched surroundings or in an instructed sequence of direct attention to the strategies of efficient reading†. Cited in â€Å"The Language Learning Benefits of Extensive Reading† – file://F:\ERTheLanguageTeacher Online21_5...11.11.2006 writes ‘Green and Oxford (1995) in a study of the effect of learning strategies on language proficiency found that reading for pleasure was most strongly related to proficiency†. As extensive reading method has this characteristic of learning the language in unthreatening atmosphere and with no formal text, it is hope, will foster reading comprehension and good reading habit. Krashen (1993) The Power of Reading and Day and Bamford (1998) cited in Brown (2001:365) both made the case that extensive reading ( or free voluntary reading (FVR) as Krashen called it ) is a key to students gains in reading ability, linguistic competence, vocabulary, spelling, and writing. It is important to develop students’ word recognition which will lead to automatic word recognition, and that means less usage of the dictionary. Keep going back or stop to check words in the dictionary will not only slow down the reading rate but may also cause wrong interpretations. Reader may feel discourage to continue or to cultivate good readingShow MoreRelatedImportance And Characteristics Of Literature Reviews1615 Words   |  7 PagesImportance and Characteristics of Literature Reviews A literature review examines existing research that is important to the work that you want to do. Literature reviews provide important background information and details about a specific research topic. Providing background information can help to demonstrate the importance of a topic, and can help to establish understanding of a subject or issue. An effective literature review also provides a space to elaborate on future work to be done on aRead MoreSample Research Paper1642 Words   |  7 Pagesthat exist in the knowledge about this behavior. It might also explain why the specific knowledge gap chosen is of particular importance. Objectives. This section should describe what the investigator hopes to accomplish with the research. After reading this section, the reader should be clear about the questions to be asked, the kinds of answers expected, and the nature of the information to be provided by the proposed research. For example, one might propose to test a drug abuse treatment approachRead MoreLiterature Review On Childhood Trauma Essay1113 Words   |  5 Pages Literature Review Article Critique Jocelyn Claudio Widener University September 25, 2016 Overview The authors of this literature review evaluated studies completed on adults who were 50 years or older and also experienced trauma as a child. They reviewed the impact childhood trauma has on their mental and physical health as older adults. They collected findings from 23 studies that were published between 1996 through 2011 and concluded that childhood trauma did in fact have negativeRead Moreliterature review1550 Words   |  7 PagesWriting a Literature Review A literature review†¦ †¢ Provides an overview and a critical evaluation of a body of literature relating to a research topic or a research problem. †¢ Analyzes a body of literature in order to classify it by themes or categories, rather than simply discussing individual works one after another. †¢ Presents the research and ideas of the field rather than each individual work or author by itself. A literature review often forms part of a larger researchRead MoreFeatures of a Good Literature Review795 Words   |  4 PagesEssay: The Features of a Good literature Review A literature review discusses published information in a particular subject in a critical and thorough manner. It may be placed at the beginning of a research paper or it may be an entire paper by itself, frequently the first phase of a large research. It enables one to know that they are on the right path on that specific research. There are several features of a Good Literature Review that crafts it into making a comprehensive and effective pieceRead MoreEnglish As Second Language Learning776 Words   |  4 Pagesconstraint of such goal (Folse, 2004). As the bedrock of English and as well as language, vocabulary also facilitates the development of other language skills: lexical richness leads to the progress in the use of language, namely listening, speaking, reading and writing skills (Nation, 1994). Reversely, The improvement in such skills may enhance learners vocabulary size as the exposure to more learning materials improves the capacity to acquire new vocabulary. (The impor tance of learning vocabulary/ whyRead More My Development as a Writer Essays1352 Words   |  6 Pages My English Literature major has helped me to achieve an outstanding level of appreciation, enjoyment, and knowledge of both American and British Literature. As a high school AP English student, I struggled through great works like Hamlet and To the Lighthouse. My teacher’s daily lectures (there was no such thing as class discussion) taught me merely to interpret the works as critics had in the past. I did not enjoy the reading or writing process. As a freshman at Loras, I was enrolled in theRead MoreWhat Impact Can Librarians And Libraries Have On The Decline Of Older Children And Teen Recreational Reading1706 Words   |  7 PagesLITERATURE REVIEW The research question â€Å"what impact can librarians and libraries have on the decline in older children and teen recreational reading† can be broken down to discuss several subtopics. This literature review examines peer-reviewed material to provide a basis for the research questions discussed within this study. The review of the literature is divided into four subtopics that were studied using different theories and approaches in an effort to answer the research question. InRead MoreReading Fluency and Its Effect on Reading Comprehension1295 Words   |  6 PagesReading Fluency and its Effect on Reading Comprehension Topic Selection As an elementary teacher, I have often thought reading fluency plays a large role in a child’s reading development. Few reading programs give fluency the recognition it deserves. Reading fluency has been a prominent and reliable benchmark for me, even when students have comprehension difficulties. Once fluency is assessed, the results were used to place students in their reading ability group. Often times,Read MoreCinderella Stories1524 Words   |  7 PagesTitle — the name of a book, movie, song or other work Fairy Tale — a make believe children’s story about magic, fairies, giants, witches, or talking animals. Procedures 1. Ask and discuss â€Å"What is a Fairly Tale?† 2. Tell students we will be reading several Cinderella stories over the next several days. We will be comparing the characters, where they live, and learning about story elements. Story elements include the setting, plot, conflict, climax and resolution. 3. In pairs have students

Is Google making us stupid “What the Internet is Doing to Our Brains free essay sample

In â€Å"Is Google making us stupid? † Carr claims the Internet is altering the brains ability to concentrate and process thoughts. The internet has become our main source for information, but has shape the way we read books or other long articles. The new style of reading promotes a risk of flattening intelligence even as it offers the benefits of knowledge efficiency and immediacy. As technology continues to evolve, it will continuously strip humans from humanity. According to Gorry, â€Å"As technology exposes us to the pain and suffering of so many others, it might also numb our emotions, distance us from our fellow humans, and attenuate our empathetic responses to their misfortunes†. Such prolonged exposure to the internet has made us inhumane of others by not considering peoples emotions. The article explains the effects of the internet has had on both Carr and his colleagues. He explains how hes mind has become more inefficient to comprehend a lengthy article since his use of the internet. Hes unable to concentrate on long pieces of writing and struggles to continue reading until finishing. The way he use indulge himself into books and articles is no longer there, now he must force himself to do so. In addition, he acknowledges the internet has become a useful tool to access information in such a prompt manner. However, his mind has adapt to obtain information in such a swift manner without doing much effort. His colleagues are struggling as well to stay focused after Flores 2 using the internet for long periods of time. Carr colleagues are considered the â€Å"literacy types† but are experiencing similar problems after reading long articles. The effects of the internet doesnt just affect Carr, but also the people that surround him. Internet has significantly diminish cognition by not being able to fully understand the article or the book being read. Carr does use anecdotes to back up his argument that the internet has negative effects on the mind, although no such evidence can be proven. However, he use a recent scientific study from the University College London as the foundation of his argument. The five year study concerning online reading behavior prove a new form of skimming activity from users using the sites. The users jump between several sources and just read less than one or two pages in which they rarely return for a second look. Longer articles were saved to be read later, but theres no such evidence that they took time to read it later on. The way people â€Å"read† has change, and the study proves it. The results of the study showed that readers â€Å"power browse† looking for the most important information out of the immense amount of material available. He cites Maryanne Wolf, a developmental psychologist to explain that â€Å"When we read online read online, she says, we tend to become â€Å"mere decoders of information. † The statement indicates that instead of reading a book or article, people are more willing to just skim through and try to find an understanding of the reading rather than actually doing the effort. Reading isnt what it used to be according to Wolf. People actually need to indulge themselves into deep reading to fully comprehend what the book/article is trying to emphasize on. Doing so would actually force the reader to continue reading just so that he/she did not prove the author right. Carr changes the focus towards the human brain of being shaped or formed, which can be easily Flores 3 manipulated in various ways. Nonetheless, brain researchers say otherwise. James Old, a neuroscience professor at George Mason University attempts to make things more clearly by stating that nerve cells regularly form new connections and dispense old ones. As he has stated â€Å"the human brain† has the ability to reprogram itself, meaning that age isnt necessarily a factor in the brains development. The concept of â€Å"Intellectual technologies† was introduce to the argument, meaning that we essentially incorporate technology as part of our lives. The mechanical clock was used as an example for the concept of intellectual technology. Carr does discuss about the benefits and disadvantages from the evolving new forms of technology. The clock â€Å"helped bring into being the scientific mind and the scientific man. But it also took something away†. Now decisions are being made of when to eat, work, or sleep from technologies rather than our senses. The internet by far has impacted cognition, as it has becomes something we cant live without. Internet is replacing most intellectual technologies from the past such as the clock, map, printing press, typewriter, calculator, telephone, television and radio. The amount of content the internet has, is significantly diminishing concentration by having numerous distractions such as ads or impulsive persuading commercials trying to sell something. Furthermore, Carr discusses about the creators of Googles and strives to figure out their perspective. The creators (Sergey Brin and Larry page) acknowledge of desiring to make Google an artificial intelligence search engine. Their main focus is to make a search engine as smart as people- or smarter. Theyre determine to create a search engine that â€Å"understands exactly what you mean and gives you back exactly what you want. † Their ambition to keep improving Google is quite astonishing, as they aspire to great new heights. However, Carr questions the assumption that well be all â€Å"better off† Flores 4 by incorporating our brains with an artificial intelligence which can be extremely worrisome. He explains intelligence is not something, you can try to manipulate. Theres no certain way to calculate human behavior nor intelligence. Carr does continue to reinforce that humanity is being replace by the new forms of technology that has becomes part of our lives. Carr admits hes skeptical of excessively worrying about nothing as he tries to find flaw in each technological advancement in which we tend to glorify. He refers Plato Phaedrus, in which Socrates is concern of the development of writing because the written word would just be a substitute for the memory. In addition, people would think themselves knowledgeable despite being unable to comprehend the new gain knowledge. The 15th century Italian editor Hieronimo Squarciaficos concerns about printed works were inaccurate as printed works became a beneficial part of human knowledge. The internet has become our main source of information, but we losing ourselves at the same time. As Gorry stated â€Å"Technology is replacing the traditional social structures of the face-to-face community with more-fluid electronic arenas for gossip, preening, and posturing,. Social interaction has decrease over the past few years since the introduction of the cell phone. People are least likely to talk face-to-face and more easily text one another back and forward. As a result, people lack communication skills in which they are crucial to build relationships. The title of Carr’s article is the most revealing clue for the entire argument he is trying to make. â€Å"Is google making us stupid? † The obvious answer might be that Google provides us with an instant access to all types of information from a variety of sources. As a result, we are becoming too use to being able to access information faster and more conveniently. Likewise, the future of technology will continue to evolve as technology importance increases. We don’t know what the internet may become in the future, and how it could make us more like computers. But, Carr does fear that we have lost the ability of deep critical thinking. In essence the internet immersion has dramatically affect us by making us become more machine-like than machines themselves.

Throughput Accounting Theory of Constraints Dr. G Essays - Economy

Throughput Accounting: Theory of Constraints Dr. Goldratt's 'Throughput Accounting' revolutionized the methods by which companies viewed their costs and associated them with profits. Unlike the traditional cost accounting methods, Goldratt argues that accounting should seek to maximize the movement of products through an organization to eliminate potential bottlenecks that prevents efficiency and speed. Goldratt argues that the current costing systems in use were developed almost a hundred years ago based upon the business practices and business designs of that particular era. The traditional accounting system therefore can be understood in the context of a "Cost World". This cost world focuses all aspects of business value and decision making upon the cost of products themselves. In order to connect all of the subsequent aspects of business to costs, very elaborate allocation of expenses had to flow through to products. These "cost schemes" in effect have many different error s and assumptions that impacts the accuracy of accounts and therefore causes misjudgments within management decision making. Goldratt proposes within his book that accounting should be viewed through a "throughput" perspective. Throughput rests upon three specific elements: throughput, inventory and operating expense. Throughput can be defined as the monetary gain a business makes from selling its products. Investment is the monetary value of all fixed assets which enables throughput to occur. Finally, operating expense is all of the operational expenses spent on producing throughput. The reasoning behind Goldratt's analysis for the need of throughput accounting is that the world is no longer based upon flat delineations of costs. Businesses today, unlike the last century, do not commit the majority of their resources on factors, plants and other vehicles of heavy capital investment. Even more important, workers were thought of as variable costs because they were mostly low-skilled and thus easily varied through workforce demand. In today's world, these two moving forces, resources and labor are moving in opposite directions. Resources are becoming much more variable and formerly fixed costs are becoming flexible as a result of changing workflows. At the same time, skilled labor especially in key high skilled industries are becoming much more fixed and necessary than before as well. Thus, allocation of costs to labor or specific products is no longer accurate and rests on faulty assumptions. The foundational principle of Godratt's throughput accounting is that decisions are focused upon the goals of the organization rather than on its costs. All of the decisions made by the business can be related to their ultimate goal. Under this accounting system, individuals are viewed as assets rather than expenses, and traditional mechanisms of inventory and throughput are carefully analyzed and reconfigured to align with organizational goals. Goldratt argues that there are three fundamental relationships established through throughput accounting mechanisms, these are described below. Throughput accounting at the core is the "summation of all the gain from sales of all the individual products" (NOTATION): T= i p T p (p=individual products) This is the first principle of throughput accounting. At the same time, Operating expense is the summation of the individual subsets of operating expense. This would include all subsets of operating expense including employees and their manager resources, interest levels, energy costs, etc. OE = i c OE c (c=individual categories) The role of cost accounting within financial analysis was to develop a mechanism to search for a very good estimation in understanding how production lines impact each other and thus impacts the net profitability of companies. Goldratt argues that cost accounting was intended to make "apples and oranges into apples and apples". This would allow compan ies to have a true metric for cross-comparison. Throughput accounting solves the problem of allocation simply by dividing a company into product by product classes. It uses the formula: NP = i p (T - OE) p The reason that Throughput accounting is necessary according to Goldratt is that cost accounting has become too ineffective in forming solutions for modern corporate problems and diversification. Concepts such as cost drivers and activity based costing are both ineffective in their methodology in truly assessing corporate profit and stakeholders. These above principles make up the foundation of Godratt's Throughput Accounting analysis.By focusing upon the mechanisms for consistent business improvement, Throughput Accounting works